Infant ~ World News

An infant (from the Latin word infans, meaning 'unable to speak' or 'speechless') is the more formal or specialised synonym for the common term baby, meaning the very young offspring of human beings. The term may also be used to refer to juveniles of other organisms.How to use infant in a sentence. Example sentences with the word infant. infant example sentences. Martha was alone with an infant and it was after nine o'clock.An infant (from the Latin word infans, meaning "unable to speak" or "speechless") is the more formal or In British English, an infant school is for children aged between four and seven. As a legal term...An infant (from the Latin word infans, meaning "unable to speak" or "speechless") is the very young offspring of a human or animal. The term infant is typically applied to young children between the...An infant too young to have received his first round of shots gasps for air after having been infected in an early stage of development; nascentan infant science or industry. law of or relating to the legal...

Use infant in a sentence | infant sentence examples

An infant (from the Latin word infans, meaning "unable to speak" or "speechless") is the more formal or specialised synonym In British English, an infant school is for children aged between four and seven.infant meaning, definition, what is infant: a baby or very young child: Learn more. infant can be very stressful for parents.a newborn infantNewborn infants only a few hours old can distinguish between...He says, " Sooner murder an infant in the cradle " than nurse un-acted desires. en In an effort to reduce the stillbirth rate, infant mortality and provide for the healthy development of the child, priority...From Middle English infante, infaunte, borrowed from Latin īnfantem, accusative masculine singular of īnfāns, nominal use of the adjective meaning 'not able to speak', from īn- ("not") + fāns, present participle of for ("to speak"). The verb is from Anglo-Norman enfanter, from the same Latin source.

Infant Wiki

We found 49 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word infant: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "infant" is defined. General (31 matching dictionaries).Infant and toddler development, the physical, emotional, behavioral, and mental growth of children from ages Different milestones characterize each stage of infant (0 to 12 months) and toddler (12 to 36...INFANT Meaning: "a child," also especially "child during earliest period of life, a newborn" As an adjective in English, 1580s, from the noun. The Romans extended the sense of Latin infans to include...Make sure you always put your baby to sleep on her back to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (commonly known as SIDS). Read more about new recommendations for safe sleep for infants here.infant [ˈɪnfənt]Существительное. infant / infants.

Jump to navigation Jump to look This article is concerning the very younger kid. For other makes use of, see Infant (disambiguation).

"Baby", "Newborn", and "Babyhood" redirect right here. For other uses, see Baby (disambiguation), Newborn (disambiguation), and Babyhood (disambiguation). Part of a chain onHuman growthand construction Stages Zygote Embryo Fetus Infant Toddler Child Preadolescent Adolescent Emerging and early adulthood Young adult Middle grownup Old adult Biological milestones Fertilization Pregnancy Childbirth Walking Language acquisition Puberty Menopause Ageing Death Development and psychology Pre- and perinatal Infant and kid Adolescent Youth Young grownup Adult Maturity Developmental degree theories Attachment Ecological Psychosocial Psychosexual development Moral Cognitive Cultural-historical Evolutionary Psychology portalvte A newborn toddler, seconds after delivery. Amniotic fluid glistens on its skin, and the umbilical cord is nonetheless hooked up. A crying new child, a few days after beginning A toddler breastfeeding ">Play media (video) An excessively young child moves round in a crib, 2009 Eight-month-old sororal twin sisters Eight-month-old infant; as a commonplace feature, eyes are usually huge relating to the face.

An little one (from the Latin word infans, which means 'not able to speak' or 'speechless') is the extra formal or specialized synonym for the typical term child, which means the very younger offspring of human beings. The term will also be used to confer with juveniles of alternative organisms. A new child is, in colloquial use, an toddler who is most effective hours, days, or up to one month previous. In medical contexts, newborn or neonate (from Latin, neonatus, newborn) refers to an infant within the first 28 days after birth;[1] the time period applies to premature, complete term, and postmature infants.

Before beginning, the time period fetus is used. The time period baby is typically applied to very young children under 365 days of age; alternatively, definitions might range and might come with kids up to two years of age. When a human child learns to stroll, the time period toddler could also be used instead.

Other makes use of

In British English, an toddler faculty is for youngsters elderly between four and 7.

As a legal time period, infancy is more like being a minor, and continues until a person reaches 18 years of age.[2]

Physical traits of newborns

A newborn's shoulders and hips are wide, the stomach protrudes slightly, and the legs and arms are slightly lengthy with respect to the rest of their body.

Length

In first-world nations, the typical total frame length of a newborn is 35.6–50.8 cm (14.0–20.0 in), even if premature newborns may be much smaller.

The technique to measure a child's period is to lay the baby down and stretch a measuring tape from the top of the top to the bottom of the heel.

Weight

In advanced countries, the typical birth weight of a full-term newborn is approximately 3.4 kg (7 1⁄2 lb), and is generally within the range of two.7–4.6 kg (6.0–10.1 lb).

Over the first 5–7 days following beginning, the frame weight of a time period neonate decreases by 3–7%,[3] and is largely a results of the resorption and urination of the fluid that to start with fills the lungs, along with a extend of often a couple of days earlier than breastfeeding turns into effective. After the first week, healthy term neonates will have to acquire 10–20 grams/day.[3]

Head

A new child's head is very huge in proportion to the body, and the skull is monumental relative to his or her face. While the grownup human cranium is about one seventh of the total frame period, the infant's is about 1⁄4. Normal head circumference for a full-term toddler is 33–36 cm at beginning.[4] At birth, many areas of the baby's skull have not yet been transformed to bone, leaving "soft spots" known as fontanels. The two greatest are the diamond-shaped anterior fontanel, positioned on the most sensible front portion of the top, and the smaller triangular-shaped posterior fontanel, which lies in the back of the top. Later in the kid's life, those bones will fuse in combination in a herbal procedure. A protein known as noggin is answerable for the extend in an little one's skull fusion.[5]

During labour and beginning, the infant's skull adjustments shape to fit during the beginning canal, infrequently inflicting the child to be born with a misshapen or elongated head. It will usually return to customary on its own inside of a couple of days or weeks. Special exercises sometimes instructed by physicians might lend a hand the process.

Hair

Some newborns have a high quality, downy body hair known as lanugo. It may be particularly noticeable at the back, shoulders, brow, ears and face of premature babies. Lanugo disappears within a few weeks. Infants is also born with complete heads of hair; others, specifically caucasian babies, will have very high-quality hair or will even be bald. Amongst fair-skinned parents, this tremendous hair may be blonde, even supposing the oldsters don't seem to be. Infants hair colour and texture exchange. Red may give way to blond. Curly can pass directly and baby's thick, dark hair could make its reappearance a lot sparser and lighter. The scalp may also be temporarily bruised or swollen, especially in hairless newborns, and the realm around the eyes could also be puffy.

Skin

Immediately after beginning, a new child's skin is regularly grayish to dusky blue in colour. As soon as the newborn starts to respire, usually inside of a minute or two, the skin's colour reaches its standard tone. Newborns are rainy, lined in streaks of blood, and covered with a white substance referred to as vernix caseosa, which is hypothesised to behave as an antibacterial barrier. The new child might also have Mongolian spots, quite a lot of other birthmarks, or peeling skin, in particular on the wrists, hands, ankles, and ft.

Genitals

A newborn's genitals are enlarged and reddened, with male babies having an surprisingly large scrotum. The breasts may also be enlarged, even in male infants. This is caused by naturally occurring maternal hormones and is a brief situation. Females (and even men) would possibly actually discharge milk from their nipples (also known as witch's milk), or a bloody or milky-like substance from the vagina. In either case, this is thought to be normal and will disappear with time.

Umbilical wire

The umbilical cord of a new child is bluish-white in colour. After beginning, the umbilical twine is most often lower, leaving a 1–2 inch stub. The umbilical stub will dry out, shrivel, darken, and spontaneously fall off inside of about Three weeks. This will later change into a belly-button after it heals.

The umbilical cord comprises three vessels: two arteries and one vein. The two arteries carry blood from the child to the placenta whilst one vein carries blood again to the newborn.

Main article: Adaptation to extrauterine lifestyles

Care and feeding

Further information: Newborn care and safety Further data: Infant bathing

Infants cry as a type of fundamental instinctive conversation.[6] A crying baby is also looking to express numerous emotions together with hunger, discomfort, overstimulation, boredom, short of something, or loneliness.

Breastfeeding is the beneficial method of feeding by all major toddler well being organizations.[7] If breastfeeding is now not possible or desired, bottle feeding is done with expressed breast-milk or with toddler components. Infants are born with a sucking reflex letting them extract the milk from the nipples of the breasts or the nipple of the baby bottle, in addition to an instinctive habits known as rooting with which they seek out the nipple. Sometimes a wet nurse is hired to feed the infant, although this is uncommon, particularly in advanced international locations.

Adequate food intake at an early age is important for an baby's development. The foundations of optimum well being, enlargement, and neurodevelopment across the lifespan are established in the first 1000 days of life.[8] From beginning to six months, infants should consume handiest breast milk or an unmodified milk change. As an little one's vitamin matures, finger foods is also presented as well as fruit, greens and small amounts of meat.[9]

As babies develop, meals dietary supplements are added. Many parents choose commercial, ready-made baby foods to complement breast milk or system for the child, while others adapt their usual foods for the nutritional wishes of their kid. Whole cow's milk can be utilized at three hundred and sixty five days, however lower-fat milk is not really useful until the kid is 2 to 3 years outdated. Weaning is the method during which breast milk is eliminated from the child's diet in the course of the introduction of cast foods in exchange for milk.[10] Until they are toilet-trained, babies in industrialized nations put on diapers. The transition from diapers to coaching pants is an vital transition within the construction of an infant/child to that of a toddler. Children need extra sleep than adults—up to 18 hours for new child babies, with a declining charge as the child ages. Until small children learn to walk, they're carried in the palms, held in slings or child carriers, or transported in child carriages or strollers. Most industrialized countries have regulations requiring child safety seats for young children in motor vehicles.

Common care problems Baby colic Bassinet/crib Cradle cap Day care Diaper rash Infant therapeutic massage Immunization Pacifier Paternal bond Swaddling Teething A newborn baby in Indonesia, with umbilical twine waiting to be clamped Benefits of touch

Studies have proven that babies who've been the recipients of certain touch enjoy extra advantages as they expand emotionally and socially. Experiments were carried out with infants up to 4 months of age the use of both positive contact (stroking or cuddling) and destructive touch (poking, pinching, or tickling). The infants who gained the positive touch cried less ceaselessly and in addition vocalized and smiled more than the babies who were touched negatively. Infants who were the recipients of adverse touching had been linked with emotional and behavioral issues later in life. A lower amount of bodily violence in adults has been discovered in cultures with larger levels of positive physical touching.[11]

Language building

Caregivers of an baby are recommended to pick out up on the baby's facial expressions and mirror them. Reproducing and empathizing together with his facial expressions permits the infant to experience effectiveness and to acknowledge his own movements extra easily (see mirror neurons). Exaggeratedly reproduced facial expressions and gestures are recommended, as they are clearer varieties of expression. The child's babbling will have to even be picked up and repeated. By imitating each other's sounds the first simple dialogues are initiated.[12] Accentuated pronunciation and melodic intonation make it easier to recognize particular person phrases in a sentence.[13] However, it is now not recommended to make use of simplified "baby language" (e.g. "Did you 'ouch'?" instead of, "Did you hurt yourself?").[14]

Even if folks cannot yet understand infants' babbling, a timely response by folks to babbling leads to quicker language acquisition.[15] This used to be confirmed by researchers who first studied moms' conduct in opposition to 8-month-old infants and later examined the infants' vocabulary once they have been 15 months old.[16] A primary important development of infants is the discovery that they are able to affect their folks via babbling (development of intentional verbal exchange).[16] Parents can inspire this by engaging with their babies in babbling. This in flip promotes additional language building, as infants then turn to their oldsters extra frequently.[15]

Previous studies have proven that the baby's speech is encouraged when oldsters, for example, smile within the baby's path or touch the child every time the baby seems at them and babbles. It also helps if parents reply to what they believe their child is announcing (as an example, giving a ball or commenting when the infant appears at the ball and babbles).[15] Responding to sounds produced when the child appears at an object (object-directed vocalizations) thus provide an opportunity to be informed the identify of the item. In this fashion, young children additionally be informed that sounds are related to gadgets.[16] However, language building is best achieved if folks react definitely (e.g. smile) in response to the infant's babbling. A top response charge and not using a connection to the baby's utterances does no longer result in language promotion.[16] It is damaging to language construction if a mother as a substitute tries to divert the infant's consideration to one thing else.[17]

Sleep

A 2018 overview analysed 146 studies on toddler sleep habits and listed a number of components that display an impact on sleep period and the selection of night wakings. For example, stimulating daylight hours activities, reading aloud before drowsing, early bedtime, a nap regimen, and averting tv and media publicity before bedtime are related to longer sleep period and less nighttime awakenings.[18]:S. 24

Furthermore, sturdy parental involvement at falling asleep is related to shorter sleep length, slower falling asleep and more widespread night-time awakenings in the studies analysed. Strong parental involvement is understood to incorporate parental presence, cradling, or breastfeeding at bedtime, in addition to wearing the child to sleep after which putting the child down. Strong parental involvement has a negative impact on little one sleep because the baby can't develop the ability to self-soothe. On the opposite hand, low parental involvement at bedtime offers the child room to be informed self-soothing and self-regulation.[18]:S. 24

In 2020, a Finnish study established (consistent with the analysis chief) for the first time a reference worth for infant sleep high quality based on a large data set (about 5,Seven hundred small children).[19][20] Almost 40% of the participating parents with eight-month-old small children mentioned they were fearful about their sleep. In fact, sleep issues were common; on the other hand, children go to sleep sooner, wake up much less ceaselessly all the way through the evening and stay wide awake much less late at night the older they get. At the similar time, general sleep time decreases.

The learn about was additionally ready to resolve reference values for standard sleep (see table). Children who sleep significantly lower than moderate would usually take pleasure in supportive measures, for which quite a lot of strategies can be to be had (a discussion with the pediatrician or see, for example, the article on sleep training).[15]

Time until

falling asleep

Wakings

in step with night

Waking time

in step with night

three hundred and sixty five days 0 – 30 min 0x – 2.5x 0 – 20 min 30 – Forty min 2x – 4x 20 – 45 min > Forty min > 4x > Forty five min 24 months 0 – 30 min 0x – 1x 0 – 8 min 30 – 45 min 1x – 2x 8 – 15 min > 40 min > 2x > Forty min = normal sleep = Sleep hygiene must be advanced = it is advisable to hunt help (pediatrician, sleep counselling).Maternal sensitivity

Maternal sensitivity performs a particular position in the relationship with the newborn and for favorable emotional building. This manner taking note of the infant's behavioral expressions, no longer misinterpreting the infant's expressions because of one's personal moods, reacting in an instant to the situation and finding a reaction that is appropriate to the context and the expressed needs. A secure attachment is promoted through empathetic and ok in addition to urged responses.[21][22][12] In accordance with their fundamental needs, babies show an inborn habits of in search of closeness to the mum - or to every other number one caregiver - and thus in flip foster an attachment. When separated from the mummy, infants protest by crying and by body actions.

Nine-month toddler enjoying with plastic duck toys, 1970 Other

Wearing has a calming impact on infants. A 2013 find out about confirmed that infants positioned in a cradle cried and kicked more steadily and had an increased center charge (so the infants had been stressed out), whilst those picked up and carried by the mum while walking round calmed down considerably. The effect of being held motionless in the arm used to be intermediate between that of being carried around and that of being put down.[23] That sporting (e.g., in a baby sling) makes babies more content and makes them cry much less had already been shown in a randomized study in 1986.[24]

For baby feeding, breastfeeding is beneficial by all main baby well being organizations.[7]

Plane travel

Many airways refuse boarding for all babies aged beneath 7 days (for domestic flights) or 14 days for global flights. Asiana Airlines lets in small children to board international flights at 7 days of age. Garuda Indonesia disallows all small children underneath the age of 14 days to board any flights.

Delta Air Lines allows infants to go back and forth when they're less than 7 days old after they present a physician go back and forth approval letter. Skywest won't permit an baby lower than 8 days outdated on board.[25]

Behaviour

A mom needs pleasure against her kid in William Blake's poem "Infant Joy". This reproduction, Copy AA, was revealed and painted in 1826, is these days held by the Fitzwilliam Museum.[26] Emotional construction

Attachment concept is basically an evolutionary and ethological theory whereby the child or child seeks proximity to a specified attachment determine in eventualities of alarm or distress for the purpose of survival.[27] The forming of attachments is considered to be the root of the infant/child's capacity to form and conduct relationships throughout lifestyles. Attachment is now not the similar as love or affection despite the fact that they incessantly move in combination. Attachment and attachment behaviors tend to develop between the age of 6 months and 3 years. Infants transform hooked up to adults who are delicate and responsive in social interactions with the infant, and who stay as consistent caregivers for a while. Parental responses result in the improvement of patterns of attachment, which in flip lead to 'internal running models' which will information the individual's feelings, thoughts, and expectancies in later relationships.[28] There are numerous attachment 'styles' namely 'safe', 'anxious-ambivalent', 'anxious-avoidant', (all 'organized') and 'disorganized', some of which can be more problematic than others. A lack of attachment or a seriously disrupted capability for attachment may probably amount to severe disorders.[29]

Infants broaden distinct relationships to their moms, fathers, siblings, and non-familial caregivers.[30] Beside the dyadic attachment relationships additionally a good high quality of the triadic relationships (mom – father – toddler) is vital for little one psychological health construction.[31][32]

Response to sounds

Infants respond to the sound of snake hissing, offended voices of adults, the crackling sound of a hearth, thunder, and the cries of alternative infants. They have a drop in heart fee, their eyes blinking, greater turning toward the audio system or father or mother, all of those indicating that they were paying more consideration. This is believed to be an evolutionary response to danger. Babies' skill to as it should be find sounds is refined right through their first yr.[33]

Health issues

Diseases Further data: Neonatology

The little one is present process many diversifications to extrauterine lifestyles, and its physiological programs, such because the immune gadget, are some distance from totally advanced. Potential diseases of shock during the neonatal duration include:

Neonatal jaundice Infant respiratory misery syndrome Neonatal lupus erythematosus Neonatal conjunctivitis Neonatal tetanus Neonatal sepsis Neonatal bowel obstruction Benign neonatal seizures Neonatal diabetes mellitus Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia Neonatal herpes simplex Neonatal hemochromatosis Neonatal meningitis Neonatal hepatitis Neonatal hypoglycemiaMortality Main article: Infant mortality An baby being immunized in Bangladesh

Infant mortality is the loss of life of an little one within the first year of existence, continuously expressed as the number of deaths in step with 1000 live births (little one mortality fee). Major causes of toddler mortality include dehydration, infection, congenital malformation and SIDS.[34]

This epidemiological indicator is recognized as a vital measure of the level of well being care in a country because it is at once linked with the health status of babies, children, and pregnant ladies as well as get entry to to medical care, socioeconomic prerequisites, and public health practices.[35][36]

There is a positive courting between nationwide wealth and excellent well being. The rich and industrialized nations of the arena, prominently Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan, spend a large percentage of their rich finances at the health care device. As, a consequence, their health care programs are very subtle, with many physicians, nurses, and different well being care professionals servicing the population. Thus, toddler mortality is low. On the other hand, a country equivalent to Mexico, which spends disproportionately much less of its budget on healthcare, suffers from top mortality rates. This is for the reason that general population is more likely to be less wholesome.[37] In the U.S., infant mortality charges are especially top in minority groups. For instance, non-Hispanic black women have an baby mortality rate of 13.Sixty three in step with a thousand are living births whereas in non-Hispanic white girls it was a lot lower at a fee of 5.Seventy six consistent with one thousand live births.[38] The reasonable toddler mortality rate within the U.S. is 6.8 in step with 1000 reside births. [39]

Babyhood

Babyhood is a critical length in character construction when the foundations of adult persona are laid.[40] In distinction infant is used to denote a toddler that has accomplished relative independence, in shifting about, and feeding.[41]

Gallery

An East Asian child

An African baby

An African baby born to 2 African folks, with an unusually gentle skin

An Indian baby

Infant in Zimbabwe

References

^ .mw-parser-output cite.quotationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .quotation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em middle/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")correct 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:assist.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em heart/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolour:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintshow:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inherit"Neonate". 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Referat anlässlich der Fachtagung der AWO vom 8. November 2010 in Freiburg i.Br., (PDF; 111 kB). ^ Helmut Johnson (2006) Bindungsstörungen Material zur Systemischen Arbeit in Erziehung und Betreuung. (PDF; 72 kB). ^ Esposito G, Yoshida S, Ohnishi R, Tsuneoka Y, Rostagno Mdel C, Yokota S, Okabe S, Kamiya Okay, Hoshino M, Shimizu M, Venuti P, Kikusui T, Kato T, Kuroda KO (May 2013). "Infant calming responses during maternal carrying in humans and mice". Current Biology. 23 (9): 739–45. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.041. PMID 23602481. ^ Urs Hunziker, Ronald Barr (1986-05-01), "Increased Carrying Reduces Infant Crying: A Randomized Controlled Trial", Pediatrics, 77 (5), pp. 641–648, ISSN 0031-4005, PMID 3517799, retrieved 2020-02-02 ^ Infant Age Restrictions Archived 2016-03-26 on the Wayback Machine. Delta Airlines. Retrieved on 2013-04-27. ^ Morris Eaves; Robert N. Essick; Joseph Viscomi (eds.). "Songs of Innocence and of Experience, copy AA, object 25 (Bentley 25, Erdman 25, Keynes 25) "Infant Joy"". William Blake Archive. Archived from the original on January 17, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2014. ^ Tronick, Edward Z.; Morelli, Gilda A.; Ivey, Paula Ok. (1992). "The Efe forager infant and toddler's pattern of social relationships: Multiple and simultaneous". Developmental Psychology. 28 (4): 568–577. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.4.568. "Until recently, scientific accounts ... of the infant's early social experiences converged on the view that the infant progresses from a primary relationship with one individual... to relationships with a growing number of people... This is an epigenetic, hierarchical view of social development. We have labeled this dominant view the continuous care and contact model (CCC...). The CCC model developed from the writings of Spitz..., Bowlby..., and Provence and Lipton... on institutionalized children and is represented in the psychological views of Bowlby...[and others]. Common to the different conceptual frameworks is the belief that parenting practices and the infant's capacity for social engagement are biologically based and conform to a prototypical form. Supporters of the CCC model generally recognize that the infant and caregiver are able to adjust to a range of conditions, but they consider the adjustments observed to reflect biological variation. However, more extreme views (e.g., maternal bonding) consider certain variants as non adaptive and as compromising the child's psychological development. Bowlby's concept of monotropism is an exemplar of the CCC perspective...". ^ Bretherton, I. and Munholland, K., A. Internal Working Models in Attachment Relationships: A Construct Revisited. Handbook of Attachment:Theory, Research and Clinical Applications 1999 eds Cassidy, J. and Shaver, P., R. Guilford press ISBN 1-57230-087-6 ^ Cicchetti, Dante; Carlson, Vicki (30 June 1989). Child Maltreatment: Theory and Research on the Causes and Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect. ISBN 9780521379694. Retrieved 21 December 2018. ^ Klitzing K von, Simoni H, Amsler F, Burgin D: The function of the daddy in early family interactions. Inf Mental Health J 1999; 20: 222–37. ^ von Klitzing K, Simoni H, Bürgin D (February 1999). "Child development and early triadic relationships". The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 80 ( Pt 1): 71–89. doi:10.1516/0020757991598576. PMID 10216817. ^ von Klitzing K, Bürgin D (January 2005). "Parental capacities for triadic relationships during pregnancy: Early predictors of children's behavioral and representational functioning at preschool age". Infant Mental Health Journal. 26 (1): 19–39. doi:10.1002/imhj.20032. PMID 28682511. ^ Erlich, Nicole; Lipp, Ottmar V.; Slaughter, Virginia (2013). "Of hissing snakes and angry voices: human infants are differentially responsive to evolutionary fear-relevant sounds". Developmental Science. 16 (6): 894–904. doi:10.1111/desc.12091. PMID 24118715. Lay abstract – Science News (September 9, 2013). ^ Garrett, Eilidh (2007). Infant Mortality: A Continuing Social Problem. Ashgate Pub Co. ISBN 978-0-7546-4593-1. ^ Hertz E, Hebert JR, Landon J (July 1994). "Social and environmental factors and life expectancy, infant mortality, and maternal mortality rates: results of a cross-national comparison". Soc Sci Med. 39 (1): 105–14. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90170-8. PMID 8066481. ^ Etchegoyen G, Paganini JM (April 2007). "The relationship between socioeconomic factors and maternal and infant health programs in 13 Argentine provinces" (PDF). Rev Panam Salud Publica (in Spanish). 21 (4): 223–30. doi:10.1590/S1020-49892007000300005. PMID 17612466. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-21. ^ Brym, Robert (2007). Sociology: Your Compass for a New World. Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. p. 546. ISBN 978-0-495-09912-3. ^ Kuehn, B. M. (2008). "Infant Mortality". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 300 (20): 2359. doi:10.1001/jama.2008.642. ^ Infant Mortality Rate (Deaths in line with 1,000 Live Births), Linked Files, 2006–2008 Archived 2012-06-12 at the Wayback Machine. statehealthfacts.org ^ Human Growth Development and Learning 2004 Ed. p. 50. ISBN 971-23-3911-Four 2004 "... is mainly through prespeech forms of crying, babbling, gesturing, and emotional expressions. In babyhood, understanding comes from a combination of sensory exploration, motor manipulation, and, toward the end of babyhood, from questions to answers. Babyhood is regarded as a critical period in personality development because it is the time when the foundations of adult personality are laid." ^ Developmental Psychology. p. 121 ISBN 971-23-2463-X 1998 "However, Hurlock (1982) cites that infancy, compared to babyhood, is characterized by extreme helplessness. The word baby may likewise suggest a helpless individual; hence, the word toddler has been increasingly used to denote a baby that has achieved enough control of his body to permit relative independence, such as' moving about, feeding himself, etc. Characteristics of Babyhood The most important characteristics of babyhood are listed below: 1. It is the true foundation age .."

External links

Wikiquote has quotations associated with: Babies Wikibooks has a guide at the matter of: Baby care and evolution Wikimedia Commons has media associated with Babies. Look up little one in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.American Academy of Pediatrics The have an effect on of buggy orientation on parent-infant interplay and little one stress The World Health Report 2005 – Make Every Mother and Child Infant eyesight – University of Illinois Simkin, Penny; Whalley, Janet; Keppler, Ann (1991). Pregnancy, Childbirth and the Newborn: The Complete Guide (Revised ed.). Meadowbook Press. ISBN 978-0-88166-177-4.Preceded byFetus Stages of human developmentInfancy Succeeded byToddlerhood vteInfants and their careHealth (Pediatrics) Baby meals Birth weight Breast pump Breastfeeding Breastfeeding and drugs Bottle feeding Colic Immunizations Cradle cap Cross eyed Failure to thrive Immunization Infant and infant safety Infant bathing Infant food protection Infant formula Infant therapeutic massage Infant food protection Infant diet Infant respiratory distress syndrome Infant sleep coaching Neo-natal in depth care unit Newborn care and protection Oral rehydration remedy Pedialyte Preterm birth Shaken child syndrome Soy components Sudden little one dying syndrome Breastfeeding and mental well beingDevelopment Attachment parenting Baby-led weaning Baby communicate Babbling Childbirth Congenital dysfunction Crawling Infant visual building Diaper rash Gestational age Infant cognitive development Kangaroo care Mother Nursery Rhyme Object permanence Parent Parenting Peekaboo Play Prenatal building Prenatal building table Teething Types of crying Walking WeaningSocialization and Culture Attachment Babysitting Child abuse Child custody Child's rights UN Child rights Circumcision Daycare Foster care Grandparent visitation Infant swimming Milk bank Nanny Wet nurseInfant care and equipment Baby bouncer Baby gate Baby observe/Hidden camera Baby powder Baby shampoo Baby toy Baby walker Bib Baby swing Baby shipping Bassinet Car seat safety Cloth diaper Cradle board Diaper Diaper bag Baby wipes Haberman Feeder High chair Infant bed (American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot') Infant carrier Infant clothing Pacifier Playpen Stroller Supplemental nursing system Swaddling Swim diaper Teether Travel cotOther topics Baby shower Babywearing Child forget Closed adoption Cry room Infant ear piercing Open adoption Prenatal cocaine publicity Neonatal withdrawal syndrome Parental kid abduction Parental accountability Parenting plan Paternity Paternity fraud vteDevelopment of the human bodyBefore delivery Development Zygote Embryo Fetus Gestational ageBirth and after Birth Child building phases Puberty Adult development Ageing Senescence DeathPhases Infant Toddler Early early life Childhood Child Preadolescence Adolescence Emerging and early adulthood Young grownup Adulthood Middle age Old ageSocial and felony Minor Age of majority Authority regulate GND: 4051255-1 LCCN: sh85066022 MA: 2909716185, 2910857879 TE: E1.0.2.7.0.0.5 Trove: 966574 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infant&oldid=1016962295"